why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft

In addition, a cable can connect the pipe to the fuel tank, It is recognized that up to 60 percent of all electronic component failures are caused by ESD. 0000005154 00000 n Notify the station attendant immediately. Why is Porygon-Z good? How long does it take sunlight to reach Earth? Czech Airlines Airbus A310 being fueled in Prague - Source: Kristoferb, 2010 (Wikicommons), Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), C550, en-route, north of Savannah GA USA, 2019, B772, en-route, northern Indian Ocean, 2014, ICAO Doc 9977, Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply, IR-OPS paragraph CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, Airbus Ground Handling Briefing Note - Refuelling with Passengers on Board, UK CAA CAP 748 Aircraft Fuelling and Fuel Installation management, Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management, Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training, and Dispensing on Airports, Fueling Vehicle Fire during Aircraft Fueling. Never use gasoline to wash your hands or as a cleaning solvent. In reality it is the contact or touching of materials Electrostatic Charge Fill a portable container slowly to decrease the chance of static electricity buildup and minimize spilling or splattering. It should be noted that Fuel Hoses, including so-called conductive hoses, are not suitable substitutes for dedicated clips and bonding wires. Why should there be any difference in reducing electrical FOD? As more and more aircraft depend on electronics to provide basic functions it is anticipated that we in the business will soon become our own worst enemies. 0000004039 00000 n Is static electricity useful in lightning? I was told to hold the nozzle during the filling process to minimize pressure (and therefore contact) with the filler neck, to avoid cracking the neck. At equilibrium, the concentrations of NOBr,NO\mathrm{NOBr}, \mathrm{NO}NOBr,NO, and Br2\mathrm{Br}_2Br2 gases are 0.0162M0.0162 \mathrm{M}0.0162M, 0.0011M0.0011 M0.0011M, and 0.072M0.072 M0.072M, respectively. When the right engine also began to run down passing 8000 feet, an emergency was declared and the already-planned straight-in approach was successfully accomplished without any engine thrust. WJhE7,> mo9?]RC"iGJ$iZt)6fVCPN|B{`m'i! Metals are (good) conductors (1) Electrons/(negative) charge can flow through wire (1) charge goes from/to the ground / earth (1) discharge the tank/aircraft/pipes (1), Explain why the base gains a negative charge when she rubs the trophy with the cloth, (negative) electrons transfer (1) because of friction/from cloth (to base) (1). How Many Jobs Has the Oil and Natural Gas Industry Created? A build-up of static electricity can be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry weather. Electrical bonding must be used to eliminate this hazard. Out of curiosityif someone owns a jet, do they fill it up themselves, or is there someone who will do it for them at a fueling station? Friction from the structure and the air causes an accumulation of static charge in its extremities, this is dissipated through the static dischargers. causes a spark. How do you get rid of static electricity in your body? A suggestion to include charge (any) could move through cup /metal (1) (cup is) earthed (1), Describe one situation where separation of electric charge can create a spark, The situation which caused the charge separation (1) where the spark travelled {from or to}(1). For their own safety, keep passengers out of the aircraft while fueling is in progress. . Insulators prevent the electrons from moving and the charge remains static. Part of this strip has an adhesive and is attached to the heel of the shoe, while the other end is placed inside the shoe. Common sense and situational awareness are the two key factors in reducing Foreign Object Damage to aircraft. 0000005874 00000 n The aircraft is also connected by a metal cable to the refuelling tanker. While hazards for fires may be obvious with flammable chemicals, industries where there is a lot of dust, like flour mills, can also be at risk for explosions due to electrostatic sparks. One form of FOD that has been all but overlooked is electrostatic discharge It is not currently known whether such a failure would be of sufficient magnitude to ignite a fuel/air mixture but the possibility exists. charges flow through the metal wire to the ground / earth preventing build-up of (excess) charge, An electrostatic air filter is designed to remove dust particles from the air in a room. This results in a change in the state of charge. Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is something that has been drilled into the minds of aviation personnel. Using lotions and moisturizers before getting dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity from accumulating on your body. Damage to components. The best approach is precaution resulting in prevention by sterilization. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. HS0)gc)4q"5 l>cs7)(3Z@Vic%>[FDMD>SFAvqyr(Jh_q(5bhCzU_Y_&8_TQ6O uNxomp`(;\=?Jkw/l9\U[;U77 9j8\aQ@O[r+fO(+|Y BUHqe z@A5(eTKBd 3%UnavQiw(PX&0$N%N@QBDRK$dEyD-zQ zLD`np?) B!\ endstream endobj 31 0 obj 600 endobj 32 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 31 0 R >> stream Avoid prolonged breathing of gasoline vapors. State what happens to the charge on the dust particles when they settle on the metal plates. To control the effects of static electricity and for . If the charge is very large, a spark to. 0000004060 00000 n (Note that the gases need to be expressed as pressure in atm. We are all aware of the result when a foreign object enters the inlet of a turbine engine or when the wing of a moving aircraft comes in contact with a stationary rigid object like the hangar wall. brought Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in /|zz";|0Bl+$GIk!Sv2w Ben Visser is an aviation fuels and lubricants expert who spent 33 years with Shell Oil. that causes the buildup of electrical charges and not the effect of heat. Place cap tightly on the container after filling - do not use containers that do not seal properly. 3 Is static electricity dangerous in aircraft operation? Give one reason why earthing reduces the risk of fire. The contaminant origin was not identified. There is a very similar situation with powders in pipes. 0000002245 00000 n In the event no protective devices are available and a circuit card or other electronic device must be replaced, first touch the grounded box Is that True? Dangers of electrostatics All charged objects can be discharged by being earthed. ", Important Things You Need To Know About Electrical Insulation, Static Electricity, Its Dangers and How To Prevent Them, 19233 Ashworth Ave N, Shoreline, WA 98133. Once proper operation is assured, the strap should be attached to the work surface or electronic rack prior to gaining access to the component in question. "Excellent work and workmanship. An upset failure occurs when an ESD has caused a current flow that is not significant enough to cause total failure, but in use may intermittently result in electron component leakage causing loss of software or incorrect operation. This can cause a serious The charge density in the fuel and the possibility of sparks inside the tanks are not affected by bonding. If thegrounding point on your aircraft does not have electrical conductivity with the filler neck, then when the hose is placed in the neck or during the fueling process, the electrical potential will not be equalized and a spark can occur. Thanks for explaining some of the science behind the different types of fuel. Remove gasoline-soaked clothing immediately. In my last column, I wrote about static electricity and the need for a bonding cable. Electrostatic Charge Quiz a pipe if Copyright 2021 - API. 0000009799 00000 n Contact a doctor or and emergency medical service provider immediately. People have been killed or severely hurt doing something as simple as refueling their vehicle or gas container. The material that looses the electron becomes a positive ion while the material gaining the electron will become negative. that will greatly reduce the possibility of ESD. 16 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 18 /H [ 1180 282 ] /L 134299 /E 100141 /N 2 /T 133861 >> endobj xref 16 37 0000000016 00000 n When dispensing gasoline into a container, use only an approved portable container and place it on the ground to avoid a possible static electricity ignition of fuel vapors. Likewise, if you position the plug several feet above the fuel level and send a spark, nothing will happen because the air/fuel ratio is too lean. On a piston aircraft, the vapor pressure of the fuel is less than that of auto gas and the filler neck is more out in the open where the wind can easily raise the air/fuel ration at the filler neck into the explosive range. 0000004562 00000 n A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles. Use gasoline as a motor fuel only. [[{>&@}M When a reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material. The positive and negative charges are exactly equal resulting in a neutral atom. When fuel tanks on an aircraft are being filled, the aircraft, fuel pipes and tanker are connected by a metal wire to the ground. ), If asked to explain a use, think carefully about the forces exerted due to static electricity and what they will do. across an air gap it It is really interesting Jet A has a lower risk of fire compared to Jet B or JP-4. Metal is a conductor (1) Electrons / ( negative ) point where it fails and won't function again. He's completed a number of projects and there are several more in the planing phase. The worker connects an earth wire to the aircraft before pumping fuel. Does Fracking Cause Flaming Water Faucets? In rare circumstances, these static related incidents If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Use an earthing strap between the pipe and the earth The refueling driveway surface should be made of conductive materialconcrete is generally conductive, while asphalt is not. A conductive material is one that tends to have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its outermost or valence orbit. Conditions Boosting the Generation of . This is a special and infrequent operation; the personnel involved, including any flight crew, should be careful to refer to the necessary procedural documentation. Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity has dissipated. %PDF-1.4 % HtTo0xG@r*\0c3$Jg'MeR$|eOWo7*YY5lUAKG6(?Ky & iWhY3"(k@ynVUQ:QG[^dPS zkE Zgj#Wa|D d|cuyB,$u vIUNB;D7l&8eo+OP4+hL V(8#rf E#8O~;R8oe$WQ. However, many jets use a lot of fuel, so that a significant electrical potential can still be built up and jump a large gap, which can have enough fuel vapor to be explosive. To understand is to control 0000058115 00000 n and charge can be transferred as the fuel flows through It has a good selection of very strong charge moves, plus the ability to gain a ton of energy very quickly thanks to Lock On, making it an easy pick for most fights. \~Hy B38}H5+wh}olC8>J_e1oekyJFIY{sPnfxS}]_VJ~IU|$tf&k@U8zM1_d[fJi;^ {G"P )v{Gp0 endstream endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Italic >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /TR /Identity >> endobj 94 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [ 0 1 ] /Range [ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ] /BitsPerSample 8 /Size [ 255 ] /Length 394 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream . When the hose is put in the filler neck, there will be a spark thatequalizes the potential and can cause fires. What are Alternatives to Make Fracking Less Impactful? This may happen safely by connecting them to the earth with a conductor. Explain how these cables reduce the dangers when refuelling the aircraft. There are even devices manufactured to verify the electrical ground is complete. Youmust move the spark source closer to the fuel until you find a combustible air/fuel ratio, and then it will burn. This voltage is generally quite low but varies with material types. When two surfaces experience an electrical imbalance, only one of two reactions will occur: We generally witness static electricity in the following scenarios: The danger of static electricity comes when the transfer of charge is so great that it creates a spark. Static electricity is created when objects with different electrical properties come into contact, and negatively charged electrons from one substance are transferred to the other. 0000007851 00000 n then charge is transferred gcsescience.com Conductors, on the other hand, cannot become charged, as the electrons can move through them. But liquid fuels like avgas and Jet A do not burn. In the unlikely event a static-caused fire occurs when refueling, leave the nozzle in the fill pipe and back away from the vehicle. On 9 May 2019, a Cessna 550 level at FL 350 experienced an unexplained left engine rundown to idle and the crew began descent and a diversion to Savannah. Never siphon gasoline by mouth nor put gasoline in your mouth for any reason. will have to be removed from the bag. Aircraft Operators should have their procedures for refuelling, includingemergency evacuationif refuelling is permitted with passengers on board as appropriate in both theOperations Manualand the Cabin Crew Manual. Catastrophic failures occur in two forms, direct and latent. The surfaces will repel each other, when they have the same charge. The driver may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump. Static electricity along with too much heat can ignite these products. This will reduce any potential shock. 0000009232 00000 n The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. If you need help assessing the electrical safety of your home, dont hesitate to call us at Wire Craft Electric. A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes; Fuel runs through pipes at a fast rate. Hb```9 abkBHr2}I'> rY#:::\:::jAbk iE V20b!Lj@s(T k$%WYH]_33 Does Hydraulic Fracturing Cause Earthquakes? Passengers boarding or disembarking an aircraft other than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs. The best way to address this is to keep the relative humidity above 30%. I was taught that they were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the nozzle to the fuel tank opening. We documented fires caused by plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most dangerous of all, human nature. Most important, motorists should not get back into their vehicles during refueling. A particular concern is the proliferation of below-specification mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously. Fuel removed from aircraft tanks must never be re-used and must be offloaded into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser. The charge will flow through your body causing an electric shock. 0000074721 00000 n Motorists who cannot avoid getting back into the vehicle should always first touch a metal part of the vehicle with a bare hand, such as the door, or some other metal surface, away from the fill point upon exiting the vehicle. Explain what happens to the charge on the metal tower as a result of the lightning flash. Thickness, abrasion resistance, and the rate of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type of packaging to use. Today, we will talk about static electricity, the dangers of this common occurrence, and tips on how to protect yourself from injury or property damage. Do not re-enter your vehicle during refueling. Fuel running through the pipes can provide the friction needed to create a static charge. Wrist straps also counter unwanted static discharge. A build-up of static electricity can be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry weather. Explain why the dust particles are attracted to the plates This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. Links Mixtures of wide-cut and kerosene turbine fuels can result in the air-fuel mixture in the tank being in the combustible range at common ambient temperatures during fuelling. Can formation of electrostatic charges be realistically eliminated? A static discharge resulting from as . way Manager/Supervisor Name: _________________________________________________________________ The discharge of static electricity while dispensing fuel is a serious hazard that can potentially result in a catastrophic fire or explosion. Fill container no more than 95 percent full to allow for expansion. Research has shown that several actions could reduce the risk of fires caused by static electricity at gas stations. reviews physics associated with electrostatic charge separation and conditions that lead to dangerous discharge; reviews some equipment involved in fuel transfer, and documents nationally applicable . Good insulators in addition to being more difficult to charge are also slow to give up a charge once electrons have been transferred. Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? Why is fracking for natural gas important? Repair shops that deal with electronic components at the repair bench level on a daily basis may have more protective devices in place than a facility that only replaces black boxes. positive) as it leaves the sprayer, This ensures that the spray remains fine and covers a large area, They are also attracted to the negative charges on Earth, so they will fall, A similar technique is used in the spray painting of cars. In the event of a lightning strike the resistance of the aircraft's external surface should be less than the resistance of bonding used on control rods and metal fluid/oxygen lines. Explain why this greatly reduces the chance of a spark. gcsescience.com. b8+ '!"3w=f94s!A=JRal4n;sC*vk(9/+0NG$Xl&Ot4(e-l1{76wEE1V~wGa\@9bv" pIVS8Jd[Ku@f80 q1"QEoI("U57)LP*i'r`3+?] U,iK#|W'TIu5 F?q!ogyj+x&_S^v]8/~#$AxLc&JfCcfPmZ#A\+Kct"d{eEV.P5j"nG: gp2-@gAB3R6Riy]en>s~E*]0/`~[byQ)kb_}6PQuIu/'D9uK0={qcu3Hu|/pyDOQ; Wire Craft is Seattle's premier electrical company. Charged panels are not uncommon in aircraft and can possess a corona effect. 0000009253 00000 n Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. There are contact points in these reels that can corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity. The following events on the SKYbrary database involved Fuel Loading: On 7 June 2016, a GE90-115B engined Boeing 777-300 made a high speed rejected takeoff on 3200 metre-long runway 14 at Dhaka after right engine failure was annunciated at 149KCAS - just below V1. vapours and powders in pipes. in the same is made to conduct by connecting an On 13 April 2010, a Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust. Keep gasoline away from your eyes and skin; it may cause irritation. Whats the Difference Between Wastewater Disposal and Fracking? 4 How do planes get rid of static electricity? Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. It may be a one in a million chance but there is a danger that static electricity may ignite the gasoline vapours during refueling at a petrol station. happens have resulted in a brief flash fire occurring at the fill point. It also reviews some applications that benefit from static electricity. Saint Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors. Key developments in polymers, especially conductive polyethylene and sophisticated laminates with very thin metallized films, have made successful transportation of sensitive equipment a reality. Procedures for Emergency Passenger Evacuation should take account of the availability or otherwise of airbridge access and in-position ground steps in the selection of exits to be used. Another danger is static electrical shock. Now an experienced GCSE and A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources. What is the main danger from static electricity? Agricultural businesses, such as grain storehouses, accumulate dust which is easily ignited by a spark. All Rights Reserved. The spark can ignite (set fire to) This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. If you cannot avoid re-entering your vehicle, discharge any static build-up BEFORE reaching for the nozzle by touching something metal with a bare hand -- such as the vehicle door -- away from the nozzle.). It is a much needed safety rule. How can Powder Flowing through a Pipe In the course of our research we learned that a buildup of static electricity can be generated by many different sources. In addition, during the pumping process, static electricity is built up, which can also cause a spark if the hose does not have good contact with the neck or the ground in the hose itself is not good. You can add humidity to the air to help with this. If the person handling the bag wears insulating gloves or is otherwise not capable of discharging an electrical buildup, then the component may draw a strong electrical spark as it is withdrawn from the protective casing and may be damaged. All Rights Reserved. Hazardous products in Class I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids. When transporting gasoline in a portable container make sure it is secured against tipping and sliding, and never leave it in direct sunlight or in the trunk of a car. ESD protective floor If turbine fuels do not contain a static dissipater, or where wide-cut fuels (Jet B, JP4 or equivalent) are loaded, a substantial reduction in fuel flow rate is recommended to preclude ignition in the tank due to electrostatic discharge. HS=o0+n *R X P0#NtoC 0h!a%%1^K rV"3\$3LvgNP D$PF0$Hv 9$56ef>mD=qu@%xNo5osEQC:#;RFVL};KZ7r9]#9sGkk^5=B,x%vx^c\byr#~cWY%{ What are the Dangers of Electrostatic Charge? A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. A powder can burn 0000001840 00000 n Turn off your vehicle engine. nLxOZ1Tl^/uk%#Hxpfp(pmubxlsM`` Dpmb/dh >O2%|(;oAnTok)CwJi2ZeV:\m1lLafSXnp"Pb".L]4!\2Tqs3I"MGn"qRal `DRJTL]sNnT\f)T0bZ=EwU0 z_FO endstream endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 77 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 61 0 R /F2 90 0 R /F5 62 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 93 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 89 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 2472 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream If the motorist then returns to the vehicle fill pipe during refueling, the static may discharge at the fill point, causing a flash fire or small sustained fire with gasoline refueling vapors. NFPA 77 applies to ground refueling of . This is the easiest type of ESD damage to find since it usually can be detected during testing. There must be a cable to link to designated points or to clean unpainted metal surfaces on the chosen airframe. 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream gcsescience.com, Home the pipe is also an insulator. Do not over-fill or top-off your vehicle tank, which can cause gasoline spillage. The transfer of hydrocarbon fuels can be dangerous if the proper procedures are not followed. How is Groundwater Protected During Hydraulic Fracturing? 0000008505 00000 n Join 110,000 readers each month and get the latest news and entertainment from the world of general aviation direct to your inbox, daily. This article explains how static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents. 7 Can a small spark from static electricity cause an explosion? Name the kinds of evidence that systematists use in constructing a phylogenetic tree. Like other means of ESD protection their function should be verified and not taken for granted. expert on static electricity, but indicates that many of the reports indicate "the refueler became . Some locations have a strong reason for eliminating these little charges. Ive seen a couple of those result in static electricity fires that did tremendous damage. } '+.$wY . G=Po9dByh|q[6luvSe*Fn!yc[ T"%*Lp{v*dO Cu! If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. Only store gasoline in approved containers as required by federal or state authorities. because there is friction between the fuel and Encased equipment should always have protective covers placed over the electric connectors and care should be exercised to avoid direct contact with electrical pins. a very high speed. The way to avoid an explosion explosion, The resulting explosions are lethal. This is where electrons transfer from a surface to the air. ["YKHhAZOA ~ sT+Zw]U}~ L'Vvi)W endstream endobj 96 0 obj 292 endobj 86 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 77 0 R /Resources 87 0 R /Contents 91 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 87 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 90 0 R /F3 88 0 R /F4 92 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 93 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 89 0 R >> >> endobj 88 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Bold >> endobj 89 0 obj [ /Separation /All /DeviceCMYK 94 0 R ] endobj 90 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> endobj 91 0 obj << /Length 1248 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Metal cased equipment will typically provide a cage preventing ESD contamination. When an object builds up too much electrical charge with no means of release, you may get electrocuted as you touch the charged object. The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. (1), Chapter 33: Electric Fields and Potential ID:, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Practice IP & Internet Questions - BLAW Modul. Coupling/uncoupling of hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding (see below) is in place. Never store gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container. Tribo is a Greek word meaning, "to rub". The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higherflash/ignition pointthan the aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards. When the aircraft charge is great enough, it discharges into the surrounding air. or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds. particularly with aircraft which are filled at An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground just like it can ignite a flammable liquid or vapour. Many electronic workshops include certain sensitive areas where the environment is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity in the air. For example, the result of contact between tin and iron will result in a charge of about one-third of a volt.

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